Firewall#

Use iptables to block IP addresses by country for inbound ports on a server. This is a whitelist: what is not explicitly allowed is blocked. This is useful, for example, to filter most SSH bruteforce attacks while leaving a webserver freely available. This is certainly not the most efficient approach at filtering because you can easily end with thousands of iptables rules that need to be scanned one by one.

Vedi anche

A collection of scripts I have written and/or adapted that I currently use on my systems as automated tasks 1
Simple shell script for GNU/Linux, built on iptables, which is able to filter incoming packets based on accepted port numbers and countries. It is aimed to SOHO users. 2
Linux Iptables Just Block By Country - nixCraft 3
Simple stateful firewall - ArchWiki 4
iptables - ArchWiki 5
25 Most Frequently Used Linux IPTables Rules Examples 6

Setup#

install the dependencies

apt-get install iptables python3-yaml python3-requests iptables-persistent

answer Yes to all questions
install fpyutils. See reference

create the jobs directories. See reference

mkdir -p /home/jobs/{scripts,services}/by-user/root

create the script

/home/jobs/scripts/by-user/root/iptables_geoport.py#

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# iptables_geoport.py
#
# Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Franco Masotti (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

# OLD NOTICES
# ===========
# See url for more info - http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/?p=3402
# Author: nixCraft <www.cyberciti.biz> under GPL v.2.0+
# Post Author: frnmst (Franco Masotti) (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
# New version heavily based on https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Simple_stateful_firewall
#   https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Iptables
#   and a little on http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/06/iptables-rules-examples/ as well as nixCraft for the bash stuff.
# ===========
r"""iptables_geoport.py."""

import copy
import ipaddress
import os
import pathlib
import shlex
import sys
import urllib

import fpyutils
import requests
import yaml


class UserNotRoot(Exception):
    r"""The user running the script is not root."""


##################
# Basic commands #
##################


def reset_rules():
    r"""Reset the chains and the tables."""
    # https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Iptables#Resetting_rules
    #
    # Copyright (C) 2020 Arch Wiki contributors.
    # Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    # under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    # or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    # with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    # A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    # Free Documentation License".
    commands = dict()
    commands['flush_tcp_chain'] = 'iptables --flush TCP'
    commands['flush_udp_chain'] = 'iptables --flush UDP'
    commands['flush_input_chain'] = 'iptables --flush INPUT'
    commands['flush_output_chain'] = 'iptables --flush OUTPUT'
    commands['flush_logging_chain'] = 'iptables --flush LOGGING'

    commands['delete_tcp_chain'] = 'iptables --delete-chain TCP'
    commands['delete_udp_chain'] = 'iptables --delete-chain UDP'
    commands['delete_logging_chain'] = 'iptables --delete-chain LOGGING'

    commands['flush_mangle_table'] = 'iptables --table mangle --flush'
    commands['delete_mangle_chain'] = 'iptables --table mangle --delete-chain'
    commands['flush_raw_table'] = 'iptables --table raw --flush'
    commands['delete_raw_chain'] = 'iptables --table raw --delete-chain'
    commands['flush_security_table'] = 'iptables --table security --flush'
    commands[
        'delete_security_chain'] = 'iptables --table security --delete-chain'
    commands['accept_input'] = 'iptables --policy INPUT ACCEPT'
    commands['accept_forward'] = 'iptables --policy FORWARD ACCEPT'
    commands['accept_output'] = 'iptables --policy OUTPUT ACCEPT'

    # sys._getframe().f_code.co_name is the function name.
    fix_dict_keys(commands, sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, '__')
    return commands


def initialize_basic_chains() -> dict:
    r"""Apply some basic rules for a single machine."""
    # https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Simple_stateful_firewall#Firewall_for_a_single_machine
    #
    # Copyright (C) 2020 Arch Wiki contributors.
    # Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    # under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    # or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    # with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    # A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    # Free Documentation License".
    commands = dict()

    # Output traffic is NOT filtered.
    commands['output_chain'] = 'iptables --policy OUTPUT ACCEPT'

    # Create two user defined chains that will define tcp an udp protocol rules later.
    commands['tcp_chain'] = 'iptables --new-chain TCP'
    commands['udp_chain'] = 'iptables --new-chain UDP'

    # For a single machine, however, we simply set the policy of the FORWARD chain to DROP and move on
    commands['drop_forward'] = 'iptables --policy FORWARD DROP'

    # The first rule added to the INPUT chain will allow traffic that belongs
    # to established connections, or new valid traffic that is related to these
    # connections such as ICMP errors, or echo replies.
    commands[
        'allow_realted_established'] = 'iptables --append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED --jump ACCEPT'

    # loopback interface INPUT traffic enabled for ping and debugging stuff.
    commands[
        'loopback'] = 'iptables --append INPUT --in-interface lo --jump ACCEPT'

    # Drop all invalid INPUT (i.e. damaged) packets.
    # To do this connection must be tracked (conntrack)
    # and connection state (cstate) is set to INVALID.
    commands[
        'invalid_input'] = 'iptables --append INPUT --match conntrack --ctstate INVALID --jump DROP'

    # Allow icmp type 8 (i.e. ping) to all interfaces.
    commands[
        'ping'] = 'iptables --append INPUT --protocol icmp --icmp-type 8 --match conntrack --ctstate NEW --jump ACCEPT'

    # TCP snd UDP chains are connected to INPUT chains.
    # These two user-defined chains will manage the ports.
    # Remember that tcp uses SYN to initialize a connection, unlike UDP
    commands[
        'connect_tcp_chain'] = 'iptables --append INPUT --protocol tcp --syn -m conntrack --ctstate NEW --jump TCP'
    commands[
        'connect_udp_chain'] = 'iptables --append INPUT --protocol udp -m conntrack --ctstate NEW --jump UDP'

    fix_dict_keys(commands, sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, '__')
    return commands


def initialize_logging_chain() -> dict:
    r"""Create the logging chain."""
    # https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Iptables#Logging
    #
    # Copyright (C) 2020 Arch Wiki contributors.
    # Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    # under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    # or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    # with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    # A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    # Free Documentation License".
    commands = dict()

    commands['logging_chain'] = 'iptables --new-chain LOGGING'
    commands[
        'connect_logging_chain'] = 'iptables --append INPUT --jump LOGGING'
    commands[
        'logging_limit'] = 'iptables --append LOGGING --match limit --limit 2/hour --limit-burst 10 --jump LOG'

    fix_dict_keys(commands, sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, '__')
    return commands


def initialize_blocking_rules(drop_packets: bool = True,
                              logging: bool = True) -> dict:
    r"""Initialize blocking rules."""
    # https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Simple_stateful_firewall#Firewall_for_a_single_machine
    #
    # Copyright (C) 2020 Arch Wiki contributors.
    # Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    # under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    # or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    # with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    # A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    # Free Documentation License".
    commands = dict()

    if logging:
        chain = 'LOGGING'
    else:
        chain = 'INPUT'
    if drop_packets:
        # Drop everything.
        commands['drop'] = 'iptables --append ' + chain + ' --jump DROP'
    else:
        # RFC compilant.
        commands[
            'rfc_tcp'] = 'iptables --append ' + chain + ' --protocol tcp --jump REJECT --reject-with tcp-rst'
        commands[
            'rfc_udp'] = 'iptables --append ' + chain + ' --protocol udp --jump REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable'
        # Other protocols are usually not used, so REJECT those packets with icmp-proto-unreachable.
        commands[
            'proto_unreachable'] = 'iptables --append ' + chain + ' --jump REJECT --reject-with icmp-proto-unreachable'

    fix_dict_keys(commands, sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, '__')
    return commands


def set_accepted_rules(ports: dict, accepted_ips: dict) -> dict:
    r"""Set accepted rules."""
    assert_input_ports_struct(ports)
    assert_accepted_ips_struct(accepted_ips)

    commands = dict()
    # O(ports*chains*ips) <= O(ips^3) because of how this script works.
    i = 0
    for port in ports:
        source = ports[port]['source']
        ips = accepted_ips[source]
        chains, protocols = get_chains_and_protocols(ports[port]['protocol'])
        for w, chain in enumerate(chains):
            for ip in ips:
                commands[str(i)] = generate_accepted_rule_command(
                    chain, protocols[w], port, ip)
                i += 1

    fix_dict_keys(commands, sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, '__')
    return commands


def set_patch_rules(rules: list) -> dict:
    r"""Pass raw commands directly."""
    for r in rules:
        if not isinstance(r, str):
            raise TypeError

    commands = dict()
    for i, rule in enumerate(rules):
        commands[str(i)] = rule

    fix_dict_keys(commands, sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, '__')
    return commands


def initialize_drop_rules() -> dict:
    r"""Initialize drop rules."""
    commands = dict()
    commands['drop'] = 'iptables --policy INPUT DROP'

    fix_dict_keys(commands, sys._getframe().f_code.co_name, '__')
    return commands


#########
# Utils #
#########


def get_chains_and_protocols(protocol: str) -> tuple:
    r"""Compute the iptables chain and protocol values."""
    if protocol not in ['tcp', 'udp', 'all']:
        raise ValueError

    chains = list()
    protocols = list()
    if protocol == 'tcp':
        chains.append('TCP')
        protocols.append('tcp')
    elif protocol == 'udp':
        chains.append('UDP')
        protocols.append('udp')
    elif protocol == 'all':
        chains.append('TCP')
        chains.append('UDP')
        protocols.append('tcp')
        protocols.append('udp')

    return chains, protocols


def generate_accepted_rule_command(chain: str, protocol: str, port: str,
                                   remote_ip: str) -> str:
    r"""Generate a single command for the accepted rules."""
    check_port(port)
    check_ip_address(remote_ip)

    return ('iptables --append ' + chain + ' --protocol ' + protocol +
            ' --dport ' + port + ' --source ' + remote_ip + ' --jump ACCEPT')


def fix_dict_keys(dictionary: dict, prefix: str, separator: str):
    r"""Fix the keys of a dictionary by adding a prefix and separator."""
    d = copy.deepcopy(dictionary)
    for key in d:
        dictionary[prefix + separator + key] = d[key]
        del dictionary[key]


def load_zone_file(zone_file: str) -> list:
    r"""Load zone file."""
    zones = list()
    with open(zone_file, 'r') as f:
        line = f.readline().strip()
        while line:
            check_ip_address(line)
            zones.append(line)
            line = f.readline().strip()

    return zones


def load_zone_files(zone_files: list) -> list:
    r"""Load all the zone files content in a flat data structure."""
    for zf in zone_files:
        if not isinstance(zf, str):
            raise TypeError

    zones = list()
    for zf in zone_files:
        zones += load_zone_file(zf)

    return zones


def get_filename_from_url(url: str) -> str:
    r"""Use some tricks to get the filemame from a URL."""
    return pathlib.PurePath(urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path).name


def download_zone_file(url: str, dst_directory: str) -> str:
    r"""Save the zone file."""
    filename = get_filename_from_url(url)
    pathlib.Path(dst_directory).mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    full_path = str(pathlib.Path(dst_directory, filename))
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, timeout=60)
        with open(full_path, 'w') as f:
            f.write(r.text)
    except requests.ConnectionError:
        pass

    return full_path


def download_zone_files(urls: list, cache_directory: str) -> list:
    r"""Download multiple zone files."""
    for u in urls:
        if not isinstance(u, str):
            raise TypeError

    files = list()
    for u in urls:
        files.append(download_zone_file(u, cache_directory))

    return files


def update_accepted_ips_structure(accepted_ips: dict, zones: list):
    r"""Update some data structures."""
    assert_accepted_ips_struct(accepted_ips)
    assert_zones_struct(zones)

    accepted_ips['wan'] = zones
    accepted_ips['all'] = accepted_ips['lan'] + accepted_ips['wan']


def get_packet_policy(invalid_packet_policy: str) -> bool:
    r"""Update a variable."""
    if invalid_packet_policy not in ['polite', 'rude']:
        raise ValueError

    drop = True
    if invalid_packet_policy == 'rude':
        drop = True
    elif invalid_packet_policy == 'polite':
        drop = False
    return drop


##############
# Assertions #
##############


def check_ip_address(ip: str):
    r"""Verify that we are dealing with a network address."""
    ipaddress.ip_network(ip, strict=True)


def check_port(port: str):
    r"""Check that the input port is a valid port number."""
    if not port.isdigit():
        raise TypeError
    if not (int(port) >= 0 and int(port) <= (2**16) - 1):
        raise ValueError


def assert_zones_struct(zones: list):
    r"""Check that the data structure is a list of ip addresses."""
    for z in zones:
        if not isinstance(z, str):
            raise TypeError
        check_ip_address(z)


def assert_accepted_ips_struct(accepted_ips: dict):
    r"""Check that the data structure is a list of ip addresses."""
    for ips in accepted_ips:
        if not isinstance(accepted_ips[ips], list):
            raise TypeError
        for j in accepted_ips[ips]:
            if not isinstance(j, str):
                raise TypeError
            check_ip_address(j)


def assert_input_ports_struct(ports: dict):
    r"""Check that the data structure is correct."""
    for port in ports:
        check_port(port)
        if not isinstance(ports[port], dict):
            raise TypeError
        if 'source' not in ports[port]:
            raise ValueError
        if 'protocol' not in ports[port]:
            raise ValueError
        if ports[port]['source'] not in ['lan', 'wan', 'all']:
            raise ValueError


############
# Pipeline #
############

if __name__ == '__main__':
    if os.getuid() != 0:
        raise UserNotRoot

    # Load the configuration.
    configuration_file = shlex.quote(sys.argv[1])
    config = yaml.load(open(configuration_file, 'r'), Loader=yaml.SafeLoader)
    dry_run = config['dry_run']
    cache_directory = config['cache_directory']
    zone_files = config['accepted_ips']['wan']
    accepted_ips = dict()
    accepted_ips['lan'] = config['accepted_ips']['lan']
    accepted_ips['wan'] = list()
    patch_rules = config['patch_rules']
    set_patch_rules_first = config['set_patch_rules_first']
    input_ports = config['input_ports']
    logging = config['logging_enabled']
    invalid_packet_policy = config['invalid_packet_policy']
    drop_packets = get_packet_policy(invalid_packet_policy)

    # Get the data.
    zones = load_zone_files(download_zone_files(zone_files, cache_directory))
    update_accepted_ips_structure(accepted_ips, zones)

    # Apply the rules.
    reset = reset_rules()
    basic_chains = initialize_basic_chains()
    logging_chain = initialize_logging_chain()
    blocking_rules = initialize_blocking_rules(drop_packets, logging)
    rules = set_accepted_rules(input_ports, accepted_ips)
    patch = set_patch_rules(patch_rules)
    drop_by_default = initialize_drop_rules()

    # Merge the rules.
    if set_patch_rules_first:
        commands = {
            **reset,
            **basic_chains,
            **logging_chain,
            **blocking_rules,
            **patch,
            **rules,
            **drop_by_default
        }
    else:
        commands = {
            **reset,
            **basic_chains,
            **logging_chain,
            **blocking_rules,
            **rules,
            **patch,
            **drop_by_default
        }

    # Apply the rules.
    for c in commands:
        fpyutils.shell.execute_command_live_output(commands[c],
                                                   dry_run=dry_run)

create a configuration file

/home/jobs/scripts/by-user/root/iptables_geoport.yaml#

#
# iptables_geoport.yaml
#
# Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Franco Masotti (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

# If set to true print the commands that would be executed.
dry_run: true

logging_enabled: true

# {rude,polite}
invalid_packet_policy: 'rude'

# The path where the ip addresses list will be saved.
cache_directory: './.cache'

# Have a look at https://www.ipdeny.com/ipblocks/
accepted_ips:
  wan:
    - 'https://www.ipdeny.com/ipblocks/data/countries/it.zone'
  lan:
    - '192.168.0.0/24'

# If set to 'true' the "patch rules" will be applied before the "input ports" rules.
set_patch_rules_first: true

# Raw rules that override the default ones.
# Use "[]" if you do not need patch rules.
patch_rules:
  # Web server.
  - 'iptables -A TCP -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT'
  - 'iptables -A TCP -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT'

  # SSH LAN only.
  - 'iptables -A TCP -s 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT'

  # SMTP.
  - 'iptables -A TCP -p tcp --dport 465 -j ACCEPT'

  # IMAP.
  - 'iptables -A TCP -p tcp --dport 993 -j ACCEPT'

  # Avahi
  - 'iptables -A UDP -p udp -m udp --dport 5353 -j ACCEPT'
  - 'iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -j ACCEPT'
  - 'iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -j ACCEPT'

  # KDE Connect.
  - 'iptables -A UDP -p udp --dport 1714:1764 -j ACCEPT'
  - 'iptables -A TCP -p tcp --dport 1714:1764 -j ACCEPT'

# source:       {lan,wan,all}
# protocol:     {tcp,udp,all}
input_ports:
  '2222':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'
  '2223':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'
  '5555':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'
  '53':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'all'

  # CUPS.
  '631':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'

  '8100':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'

  # Required for SANE.
  '6566':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'all'

  # Move SSH rules here for performance reasons.
  '22':
    source:     'wan'
    protocol:   'tcp'

Nota

Rules are scanned sequentially. Move frequently used rules upper in the file to improve performance.

use this Systemd service unit file

/home/jobs/services/by-user/root/iptables-geoport.service#

[Unit]
Description=Apply the iptables geoport rules
Wants=network-online.target
After=network-online.target
Requires=netfilter-persistent.service
After=netfilter-persistent.service

[Service]
Type=simple
# Answer Yes (default value) to dpkg-reconfigure.
ExecStart=/usr/bin/bash -c '/home/jobs/scripts/by-user/root/iptables_geoport.py /home/jobs/scripts/by-user/root/iptables_geoport.yaml && [ -f /sbin/dpkg-reconfigure ] && dpkg-reconfigure --frontend noninteractive iptables-persistent'

User=root
Group=root

fix the permissions

chmod 700 -R /home/jobs/scripts/by-user/iptables_geoport.*
chmod 700 -R /home/jobs/services/by-user/root

run the deploy script

SANE#

To be able to use a remote scanner with SANE using this setup you need to follow these steps

Vedi anche

SANE - ArchWiki 8
Secure use of iptables and connection tracking helpers 7

open TCP and UDP ports 6566

/home/jobs/scripts/by-user/root/iptables_geoport.yaml (extract)#

# source:       {lan,wan,all}
# protocol:     {tcp,udp,all}
input_ports:
  '2222':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'
  '2223':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'
  '5555':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'
  '53':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'all'

  # CUPS.
  '631':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'

  '8100':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'tcp'

  # Required for SANE.
  '6566':
    source:     'lan'
    protocol:   'all'

  # Move SSH rules here for performance reasons.
  '22':
    source:     'wan'
    protocol:   'tcp'

add this file to load the kernel module
/etc/modprobe.d/nf_conntrack.conf#
```
options nf_conntrack nf_conntrack_helper=1
```
add this file to load the kernel module
/etc/modules-load.d/nf_conntrack_sane.conf#
```
nf_conntrack_sane
```
reboot
check if the rules are active: 1 should be returned by the cat command
```
cat /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_helper
1
```

Footnotes

1: https://software.franco.net.eu.org/frnmst/automated-tasks GNU GPLv3+, copyright (c) 2019-2022, Franco Masotti
2: https://software.franco.net.eu.org/frnmst-archives/iptables-geoport-directives GNU GPLv3+ and GNU GPLv2+, copyright (c) 2015 Franco Masotti
3: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/?p=3402 GPL v.2.0+, copyright (c) Author: nixCraft <www.cyberciti.biz>
4: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Simple_stateful_firewall GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 or late, copyright (c) ArchWiki contributors
5: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Iptables GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 or late, copyright (c) ArchWiki contributors
6: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/06/iptables-rules-examples/ unknown license
7: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/SANE#Firewall GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 or late, copyright (c) ArchWiki contributors
8: https://home.regit.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/secure-conntrack-helpers.html unknown license

ftutorials documentazione

Firewall

Contents

Firewall#

Setup#

SANE#