Kiwix

Contenuti

Kiwix#

With Kiwix it is possible to have a copy of Wikipedia and of other websites and read them offline.

Vedi anche

  • Kiwix lets you access free knowledge – even offline [1]

  • A collection of scripts I have written and/or adapted that I currently use on my systems as automated tasks [2]

  • Base directory for downloading zim files [3]

  • Download large file in python with requests - Stack Overflow [4]

  • python - Performant replacement for IPython !shell-command magic - Stack Overflow [5]

  • shutil — High-level file operations — Python 3.10.3 documentation [6]

Setup#

  1. install the dependencies

    apt-get install python3-requests python3-bs4 python3-yaml aria2 kiwix-tools kiwix
    
  2. install fpyutils. See reference

  3. create a new user

    useradd --system -s /bin/bash -U kiwix
    passwd kiwix
    usermod -aG jobs kiwix
    
  4. create the jobs directories. See reference

    mkdir -p /home/jobs/{scripts,services}/by-user/kiwix
    
  5. create the script

    /home/jobs/scripts/by-user/kiwix/kiwix_manage.py#
      1#!/usr/bin/env python3
      2#
      3# kiwix_manage.py
      4#
      5# Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Franco Masotti (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
      6#
      7# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
      8# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
      9# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
     10# (at your option) any later version.
     11#
     12# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     13# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     14# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     15# GNU General Public License for more details.
     16#
     17# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     18# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
     19"""kiwix_manage.py."""
     20
     21########
     22# Main #
     23########
     24
     25import datetime
     26import pathlib
     27import re
     28import shlex
     29import shutil
     30import subprocess
     31import sys
     32import urllib.parse
     33
     34import bs4
     35import fpyutils
     36import requests
     37import yaml
     38
     39
     40def separate_pattern_from_string(string: str, pattern: str) -> tuple:
     41    r"""Separate a pattern from a string."""
     42    string_without_pattern = remove_component(string, pattern)
     43    component = find_component(string, pattern)
     44
     45    return string_without_pattern, component
     46
     47
     48def separate_pattern_from_strings(strings: list, pattern: str) -> dict:
     49    r"""Separate a batch of strings from their patterns."""
     50    for string in strings:
     51        if not isinstance(string, str):
     52            raise TypeError
     53
     54    elements = dict()
     55    # Populate the date elements.
     56    for string in strings:
     57        common, component = separate_pattern_from_string(string, pattern)
     58        if common not in elements:
     59            # Build an empty list of length corresponding
     60            # to the number of entries without the date component in the file name.
     61            elements[common] = list()
     62        elements[common].append(component)
     63
     64    return elements
     65
     66
     67def filter_max_elements_in_dict_nested_lists(elements: dict) -> dict:
     68    r"""Given a dictionary with lists, find the maxium elements of each list and remove the other elements."""
     69    # Get the most recent dates by group and rebuild the URLs.
     70    filtered_elements = dict()
     71    for element in elements:
     72        filtered_elements[element] = max(elements[element])
     73
     74    return filtered_elements
     75
     76
     77def get_most_recent_elements(uris: list, date_regex_pattern: str,
     78                             date_format_string: str) -> dict:
     79    r"""Filter elements by date and return the most recent ones."""
     80    for uri in uris:
     81        if not isinstance(uri, str):
     82            raise TypeError
     83
     84    elements = separate_pattern_from_strings(uris, date_regex_pattern)
     85    # Transform the date strings to datetime objects.
     86    for element in elements:
     87        i = 0
     88        while i < len(elements[element]):
     89            elements[element][i] = str_to_datetime(elements[element][i],
     90                                                   date_format_string)
     91            i += 1
     92    return filter_max_elements_in_dict_nested_lists(elements)
     93
     94
     95def filter_uris_by_pattern(uris: list, pattern: str):
     96    r"""Filter URIs by regex pattern."""
     97    filtered_uris = list()
     98    for uri in uris:
     99        if find_component(uri, pattern) is not None:
    100            filtered_uris.append(uri)
    101
    102    return filtered_uris
    103
    104
    105def compare_uris(local_uris: dict, remote_uris: dict) -> tuple:
    106    r"""Given two sets of URIs select the actions to do with the elements each one by placing them into two new sets."""
    107    files_to_download = list()
    108    files_to_delete = list()
    109    for remote in remote_uris:
    110        exists_locally = False
    111        for local in local_uris:
    112            if remote == local:
    113                exists_locally = True
    114                # Get the element in the local files list corresponding to the current remote file.
    115                # Only download fresh files.
    116                if local_uris[local] < remote_uris[remote]:
    117                    files_to_download.append(
    118                        rebuild_uri_with_date(remote, remote_uris[remote],
    119                                              '%Y-%m'))
    120                    files_to_delete.append(
    121                        rebuild_uri_with_date(local, local_uris[local],
    122                                              '%Y-%m'))
    123        if not exists_locally:
    124            files_to_download.append(
    125                rebuild_uri_with_date(remote, remote_uris[remote], '%Y-%m'))
    126
    127    return files_to_download, files_to_delete
    128
    129
    130def download_files(files_to_download: list, downloader: str,
    131                   downloader_args: str, root_url: str, file_directory: str):
    132    r"""Download a batch of files."""
    133    delete_temporary_directory = False
    134    for i, download in enumerate(files_to_download):
    135        full_remote_uri = rebuild_uri(root_url, download)
    136        full_local_uri = rebuild_uri(file_directory, download)
    137        if i == len(files_to_download) - 1:
    138            delete_temporary_directory = True
    139        download_binary_file(full_remote_uri, full_local_uri, downloader,
    140                             downloader_args, 0o700,
    141                             delete_temporary_directory)
    142
    143
    144def delete_files(files_to_delete: list, file_directory: str):
    145    r"""Delete a batch of files."""
    146    for delete in files_to_delete:
    147        full_local_uri = rebuild_uri(file_directory, delete)
    148        delete_file(full_local_uri)
    149
    150
    151#########
    152# Utils #
    153#########
    154
    155
    156def get_relative_path(path: str) -> str:
    157    r"""Get the last component of a path."""
    158    return str(pathlib.Path(path).name)
    159
    160
    161def get_relative_paths(paths: list) -> list:
    162    r"""Get the last components of a list of paths."""
    163    relative = list()
    164    for path in paths:
    165        relative.append(get_relative_path(path))
    166
    167    return relative
    168
    169
    170def get_last_path_component_from_url(url: str) -> str:
    171    r"""Transform a string to a datetime object."""
    172    component = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url).path
    173    return get_relative_path(component)
    174
    175
    176def remove_component(element: str, pattern: str) -> str:
    177    r"""Remove the date component from the name."""
    178    return re.split(pattern, element)[0]
    179
    180
    181def find_component(element: str, pattern: str) -> str:
    182    r"""Return the date component from the name."""
    183    f = re.findall(pattern, element)
    184    if len(f) == 1:
    185        return f[0]
    186    else:
    187        return None
    188
    189
    190def str_to_datetime(date: str,
    191                    date_formatting_string: str) -> datetime.datetime:
    192    r"""Transform a string into a datetime object."""
    193    return datetime.datetime.strptime(date, date_formatting_string)
    194
    195
    196def datetime_to_str(date: datetime.datetime,
    197                    date_formatting_string: str) -> str:
    198    r"""Transform a datetime object into a string."""
    199    return datetime.datetime.strftime(date, date_formatting_string)
    200
    201
    202def rebuild_uri(uri_base: str, path: str) -> str:
    203    """Rebuild a URI by a trailing forward slash if necessary and a path.
    204
    205    ..note: see https://stackoverflow.com/a/59818095
    206    """
    207    uri_base = uri_base if uri_base.endswith('/') else f'{uri_base}/'
    208    return uri_base + path
    209
    210
    211def rebuild_uri_with_date(uri_base: str,
    212                          date: datetime,
    213                          date_formatting_string: str,
    214                          extension: str = '.zim') -> str:
    215    r"""Rebuild the original URI which has been stripped from the date and file extension components."""
    216    return uri_base + datetime_to_str(date, date_formatting_string) + extension
    217
    218
    219def get_a_href_elements_from_url(url: str) -> list:
    220    r"""Given a url, download the file and, if it is an HTML file, find all "a href" elements."""
    221    soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(requests.get(url, timeout=60).text, 'html.parser')
    222    # Get the content of the HTML tag.
    223    return [link.get('href') for link in soup.find_all('a')]
    224
    225
    226def download_binary_file_requests(url: str, destination: str):
    227    r"""Download a binary file with Python Requests."""
    228    # See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16694907/download-large-file-in-python-with-requests/39217788#39217788
    229    #
    230    # Copyright (C) 2016 John Zwinck @ Stack Exchange (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16694907/download-large-file-in-python-with-requests/39217788#39217788)
    231    # Copyright (C) 2020 Martijn Pieters @ Stack Exchange (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16694907/download-large-file-in-python-with-requests/39217788#39217788)
    232    # Copyright (C) 2020 Franco Masotti (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
    233    #
    234    # This script is licensed under a
    235    # Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
    236    #
    237    # You should have received a copy of the license along with this
    238    # work. If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/>.
    239
    240    with requests.get(url, stream=True, timeout=60) as r:
    241        with open(destination, 'wb') as f:
    242            shutil.copyfileobj(r.raw, f)
    243
    244
    245def download_binary_file_aria2c(downloader_args: str,
    246                                parent_directory: str,
    247                                url: str,
    248                                destination: str,
    249                                temporary_directory: str = 'tmp',
    250                                delete_temporary_directory: bool = False):
    251    r"""Download a binary file with aria2."""
    252    p = shlex.quote(parent_directory)
    253    d = shlex.quote(destination)
    254    u = shlex.quote(url)
    255    # Get the relative path.
    256    t = str(pathlib.Path(shlex.quote(temporary_directory)).name)
    257    pt = str(pathlib.Path(p, t))
    258    ptd = str(pathlib.Path(pt, d))
    259
    260    # Save the file to a temporary file so that if the download is interrupted
    261    # the pipeline does not detect that the file exists.
    262    command = 'aria2c ' + downloader_args + ' --dir=' + pt + ' --out=' + d + ' ' + u
    263    try:
    264        return_code = fpyutils.shell.execute_command_live_output(command)
    265        if return_code == 0:
    266            try:
    267                shutil.move(ptd, p)
    268                if delete_temporary_directory:
    269                    try:
    270                        # See https://docs.python.org/3/library/shutil.html?highlight=shutil#shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks
    271                        if shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks:
    272                            shutil.rmtree(pt)
    273                        else:
    274                            raise shutil.Error
    275                    except shutil.Error as e:
    276                        print(e)
    277            except shutil.Error as e:
    278                print(e)
    279        else:
    280            sys.exit(1)
    281    except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
    282        print(e)
    283        raise e
    284        sys.exit(1)
    285
    286
    287def get_parent_directory_name(path: str) -> str:
    288    r"""Get parent directory name."""
    289    return str(pathlib.Path(path).parent)
    290
    291
    292def pre_download_hooks(destination: str, permissions: int = 0o700):
    293    r"""Run selected actions before downloading the files."""
    294    pathlib.Path(destination).parent.mkdir(mode=permissions,
    295                                           parents=True,
    296                                           exist_ok=True)
    297
    298
    299def post_download_hooks(path: str, permissions: str):
    300    r"""Run selected actions after downloading the files."""
    301    # Change file permissions.
    302    pathlib.Path(path).chmod(permissions)
    303
    304
    305def download_binary_file(url: str,
    306                         destination: str,
    307                         downloader: str = 'requests',
    308                         downloader_args: str = '',
    309                         permissions: int = 0o700,
    310                         delete_temporary_directory: bool = False):
    311    r"""Download a binary file."""
    312    if downloader not in ['requests', 'aria2c']:
    313        raise ValueError
    314
    315    print('Downloading ' + url + ' as ' + destination)
    316    pre_download_hooks(destination, permissions)
    317    if downloader == 'requests':
    318        download_binary_file_requests(url, destination)
    319    elif downloader == 'aria2c':
    320        download_binary_file_aria2c(downloader_args,
    321                                    get_parent_directory_name(destination),
    322                                    url, get_relative_path(destination), 'tmp',
    323                                    delete_temporary_directory)
    324    post_download_hooks(destination, permissions)
    325
    326
    327def delete_file(file: str):
    328    r"""Delete a file."""
    329    print('Deleting ' + file)
    330    pathlib.Path(file).unlink()
    331
    332
    333def list_directory_files(directory: str) -> list:
    334    r"""Get a list of files in a directory."""
    335    files = list()
    336    p = pathlib.Path(directory)
    337    if p.is_dir():
    338        for child in p.iterdir():
    339            if child.is_file():
    340                files.append(str(child))
    341
    342    return files
    343
    344
    345def run_kiwix_server(url_root_location: str, threads: int, port: int,
    346                     directory: str, options: list):
    347    r"""Serve the ZIM files."""
    348    opts = ''
    349    for o in options:
    350        opts += ' ' + shlex.quote(o)
    351
    352    command = 'kiwix-serve --urlRootLocation ' + shlex.quote(
    353        url_root_location) + ' --threads ' + shlex.quote(
    354            str(threads)) + ' --port ' + shlex.quote(str(
    355                port)) + ' ' + opts + ' ' + shlex.quote(directory) + '/*.zim'
    356    fpyutils.shell.execute_command_live_output(command)
    357
    358
    359def pipeline():
    360    r"""Run the pipeline."""
    361    # Load the configuration.
    362    configuration_file = shlex.quote(sys.argv[1])
    363    action = shlex.quote(sys.argv[2])
    364    config = yaml.load(open(configuration_file), Loader=yaml.SafeLoader)
    365    serve = config['serve']
    366    downloads = config['downloads']
    367    if 'options' in serve:
    368        options = serve['options']
    369    else:
    370        options = list()
    371
    372    if action == '--serve':
    373        run_kiwix_server(serve['url root location'], serve['threads'],
    374                         serve['port'], serve['directory'], options)
    375    elif action == '--download':
    376        for section in downloads:
    377            root_url = rebuild_uri(downloads[section]['root url'], '')
    378
    379            remote_uris = get_a_href_elements_from_url(root_url)
    380            remote_uris = filter_uris_by_pattern(
    381                remote_uris,
    382                downloads[section]['regex patterns']['files to download'])
    383            remote_uris = filter_uris_by_pattern(
    384                remote_uris, downloads[section]['regex patterns']['date'])
    385            remote_uris = get_relative_paths(remote_uris)
    386
    387            most_recent_remote_uris = get_most_recent_elements(
    388                remote_uris, downloads[section]['regex patterns']['date'],
    389                downloads[section]['date transformation string'])
    390
    391            local_uris = list_directory_files(
    392                downloads[section]['download directory'])
    393            local_uris = filter_uris_by_pattern(
    394                local_uris, downloads[section]['regex patterns']['date'])
    395            local_uris = get_relative_paths(local_uris)
    396
    397            most_recent_local_uris = get_most_recent_elements(
    398                local_uris, downloads[section]['regex patterns']['date'],
    399                downloads[section]['date transformation string'])
    400
    401            files_to_download, files_to_delete = compare_uris(
    402                most_recent_local_uris, most_recent_remote_uris)
    403
    404            download_files(files_to_download,
    405                           downloads[section]['downloader']['name'],
    406                           downloads[section]['downloader']['args'], root_url,
    407                           downloads[section]['download directory'])
    408            delete_files(files_to_delete,
    409                         downloads[section]['download directory'])
    410
    411
    412if __name__ == '__main__':
    413    pipeline()
    
  6. create a configuration file

    /home/jobs/scripts/by-user/kiwix/kiwix_manage.yaml#
     1#
     2# kiwix_manage.yaml
     3#
     4# Copyright (C) 2020-2022 Franco Masotti (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
     5#
     6# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
     7# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     8# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
     9# (at your option) any later version.
    10#
    11# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    12# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    13# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    14# GNU General Public License for more details.
    15#
    16# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    17# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    18
    19serve:
    20    threads: 24
    21    port: 8888
    22    directory: '/data/WEBSERVER/kiwix'
    23    url root location: '/kiwix'
    24
    25    # A list of raw options for kiwix-serve.
    26    # See
    27    # kiwix-serve --help
    28    options: []
    29        # - '--verbose'
    30
    31downloads:
    32    wikipedia en:
    33        root url: 'https://download.kiwix.org/zim/wikipedia'
    34        regex patterns:
    35            files to download: '^(wikipedia_en_physics_mini|wikipedia_en_computer_maxi|wikipedia_en_history_maxi|wikipedia_en_mathematics_maxi|wikipedia_en_medicine_maxi)'
    36            date: '\d\d\d\d-\d\d'
    37        date transformation string: '%Y-%m'
    38        download directory: '/data/WEBSERVER/kiwix'
    39        downloader:
    40            # Supported downloaders: {aria2c,requests}
    41            name: 'aria2c'
    42            args: '--continue=true --max-concurrent-downloads=3 --max-connection-per-server=3 --split=3 --min-split-size=1M --max-overall-download-limit=256K'
    43    wiversity en:
    44        root url: 'https://download.kiwix.org/zim/wikiversity/'
    45        regex patterns:
    46            files to download: '^(wikiversity_en_all_maxi)'
    47            date: '\d\d\d\d-\d\d'
    48        date transformation string: '%Y-%m'
    49        download directory: '/data/WEBSERVER/kiwix'
    50        downloader:
    51            name: 'aria2c'
    52            args: '--continue=true --max-concurrent-downloads=3 --max-connection-per-server=3 --split=3 --min-split-size=1M --max-overall-download-limit=256K'
    
  7. create the data directory which must be accessible by the kiwix user

    mkdir /data/WEBSERVER/kiwix
    chmod 700 /data/WEBSERVER/kiwix
    chown kiwix:kiwix /data/WEBSERVER/kiwix
    
  8. use this Systemd service file to serve the content

    /home/jobs/services/by-user/kiwix/kiwix-manage.serve.service#
     1#
     2# kiwix-manage.serve.service
     3#
     4# Copyright (C) 2020,2022 Franco Masotti (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
     5#
     6# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
     7# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     8# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
     9# (at your option) any later version.
    10#
    11# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    12# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    13# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    14# GNU General Public License for more details.
    15#
    16# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    17# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    18
    19[Unit]
    20Description=Serve kiwix files
    21Wants=network.target
    22After=network.target
    23
    24[Service]
    25Type=simple
    26ExecStart=/home/jobs/scripts/by-user/kiwix/kiwix_manage.py /home/jobs/scripts/by-user/kiwix/kiwix_manage.yaml --serve
    27User=kiwix
    28Group=kiwix
    29Restart=always
    30
    31[Install]
    32WantedBy=multi-user.target
    
  9. use this Systemd service file to download the content

    /home/jobs/services/by-user/kiwix/kiwix-manage.download.service#
     1#
     2# kiwix-manage.download.service
     3#
     4# Copyright (C) 2020 Franco Masotti (franco \D\o\T masotti {-A-T-} tutanota \D\o\T com)
     5#
     6# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
     7# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     8# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
     9# (at your option) any later version.
    10#
    11# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    12# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    13# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    14# GNU General Public License for more details.
    15#
    16# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    17# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    18
    19[Unit]
    20Description=Download kiwix files
    21Wants=network-online.target
    22After=network-online.target
    23
    24[Service]
    25Type=simple
    26ExecStart=/home/jobs/scripts/by-user/kiwix/kiwix_manage.py /home/jobs/scripts/by-user/kiwix/kiwix_manage.yaml --download
    27User=kiwix
    28Group=kiwix
    29
    30[Install]
    31WantedBy=multi-user.target
    
  10. fix the permissions

    chown -R kiwix:kiwix /home/jobs/{scripts,services}/by-user/kiwix
    chmod 700 -R /home/jobs/{scripts,services}/by-user/kiwix
    

Download#

../../_images/kiwix_0.png

Download status of a zim file#

  1. run the deploy script

  2. start downloading the files

    systemctl start kiwix-manage.download.service
    
  3. wait for the files to be downloaded before going to the serve section

Serve#

../../_images/kiwix_1.png

Example of served files by Kiwix#

  1. run the deploy script

  2. modify the reverse proxy port of your webserver configuration with 8888

Importante

After downloading new files you must rerun this service

Footnotes